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作者简介:

徐小峰(1982—),男,山东莱阳人,中国石油大学(华东)经济管理学院教授,博士生导师,研究方向为能源系统工程。

中图分类号:F416.22

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1673-5595(2023)04-0001-11

DOI:10.13216/j.cnki.upcjess.2023.04.0001

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目录contents

    摘要

    天然气已成为全球主要消费能源之一,燃气企业及时了解天然气的市场动态,准确预测天然气消费量,并在此基础上设定相应的天然气调度和采购计划,对于企业降本增效尤为重要。在系统梳理天然气消费预测的时间范围、影响因素和相关方法演变历程的基础上,归纳总结天然气采购策略相关研究进展,发现基于精确天然气消费预测的采购策略对燃气企业经营具有重要影响,而当前这方面的研究还处于起步阶段。因此,结合企业实践提出了未来该领域主要研究方向和研究内容,并建议使用更多深度学习和组合模型来提高预测性能;此外,可将天然气消费预测与采购策略相结合,针对不同条件和情景设定企业的采购行为,最终形成完善的天然气采购策略。

    Abstract

    As natural gas has become one of the major worldwide consumed energy sources, it is particularly important for natural gas sales companies to understand the market dynamics of natural gas in a timely manner, predict natural gas consumption accurately, and set up corresponding natural gas scheduling and procurement plans on this basis to reduce costs and increase efficiency. Based on a systematic review of the evolution of natural gas consumption forecasting in terms of time horizons, influencing factors and related methods, this paper summarizes the progress of the research on natural gas procurement strategies and finds that procurement strategies based on accurate natural gas consumption forecasting have an important impact on the operation of gas enterprises, and the current research in this field is still in its infancy. Therefore, the main research directions and contents of future research in this field are proposed in conjunction with enterprise practice, and more deep learning and combined models are suggested to improve prediction performance. In addition, gas consumption forecasting can be combined with procurement strategies to set enterprise procurement behaviors for different conditions and scenarios, and finally form a perfect natural gas procurement strategy.

  • 一、 引言

  • 能源是人类活动的物质基础,是经济发展和社会进步的动力源泉。在过去的半个多世纪里,由于人类大量消耗煤炭和石油,导致全球环境受到了严重污染和损害,危害了人类的生命安全。天然气作为一种相对清洁的化石能源,开始在各国乃至世界受到关注。目前全球对天然气的需求呈指数级增长(见图1)。根据《BP 世界能源统计年鉴 2022》公布的数据,全球已探明天然气储量为 188.1 万亿立方米,2021 年天然气消费量达 4. 037 5 万亿立方米,天然气一次能源消费占比 24.42%。目前天然气已成为全球主要消费能源之一,对保障经济社会的持续健康发展起着十分重要的作用。受煤改气、燃气发电等政策的影响,中国天然气需求强劲,与此同时,印度以及亚洲其他新兴国家也展露出强劲需求,因此,未来天然气的整体需求将会持续增加。

  • 我国天然气产业链分为上游勘探生产、中游储存运输以及下游分销三个部分,产业链结构如图2 所示。天然气产业链参与方众多,发展格局稳定。我国上游天然气勘探生产相关资源主要集中于综合型能源公司,除了自身勘探生产之外还包括进口管道气、进口 LNG 部分; 中游储存运输包括长输管网、省级运输管道等,涉及的企业有管道制造企业、液化与储运设备供应商等; 下游分销主要由燃气公司负责,燃气公司主要从事燃气分销业务,其他还包括燃气接驳、燃气运营和燃气设备代销等业务。

  • 图1 全球天然气消费情况

  • 处于天然气产业链下游的城市燃气公司在从事燃气分销业务时需要从中上游供气单位购进天然气,之后通过配气管网将天然气销售给终端天然气用户,所以其面临的最直接的问题是:随着天然气消费市场的不断扩大,如何在满足天然气用户不断增长的天然气消费需求的同时,促使燃气企业收益最大化; 如何科学合理地进行统筹,确保在天然气供应不足的情况下能够完成“保证居民用气需求” 的任务,并使企业天然气供气成本最小化。准确地预测天然气消费量可以为输气管网的规划建设提供科学依据,以合理设定输气管网的运输能力,避免由于输送能力过大造成设备闲置、输气能力不足造成输气管网长期过载运行等问题给管网安全运行带来隐患; 准确地预测天然气消费量还可以为天然气调度计划和采购策略的制定提供依据,保障终端用户的用气安全。因此,燃气公司必须提前了解天然气消费量的变化情况,才能在此基础上设定相应的天然气调度和采购计划,从而保障终端用户的用气需求,避免因盲目调度和采购而增加成本。

  • 图2 我国天然气产业链结构

  • 综上所述,作为下游的燃气公司能够准确预测天然气消费量,及时了解天然气的需求动态,并据此制定天然气采购策略尤为重要。在学术界,国内外学者针对天然气消费预测和采购策略等问题已经开展了大量的研究工作。本文梳理总结相关研究成果,对天然气消费预测时间范围、影响因素和方法以及天然气采购策略进行综述分析,并展望关于消费预测和天然气采购的协调机制未来研究的可行方向,为企业决策的制定和完善提供依据。

  • 二、 天然气消费预测研究

  • 有效的供气管理主要依靠准确的天然气消费预测技术。天然气消费预测可以帮助国家和企业制定合理的供气计划,管理供应合同,提高运营效率,为生产和基础设施建设规划提供基础数据。天然气消费预测是根据天然气历史消费量,综合考虑影响天然气消费量的众多因素的历史数据,利用预测模型分析得到目标用户未来某时间段的天然气消费量。

  • 迄今为止,学者们已经开展了许多关于天然气消费预测的研究。 Soldo [1]回顾了 1949—2010 年天然气消费预测领域的论文,对应用领域、预测范围、输入数据和模型进行了分析与总结; Tamba 等[2]将研究的范围扩展到 2015 年,分析了已发表论文中关于天然气消费预测的模型、数据、预测范围和结果等内容; Liu 等[3]回顾了天然气消费预测的历史,总结了不同阶段的预测模型,讨论了预测范围、影响因素和预测准确性的变化。由此可知,预测范围、模型与数据是进行天然气消费预测的关键要素。针对不同的需求,学者们需要对不同时间范围内的天然气消费量进行预测,而预测的准确性在很大程度上取决于数据和模型。影响因素作为输入数据也对预测的准确性有重大影响。在消费量预测中,影响预测的不仅有历史消费数据,还有很多其他的因素,所以要想精确地预测天然气消费量,就要尽可能全面地确定消费影响因素,这样建立的预测模型预测精度才会更高。预测模型和技术是天然气消费预测的核心内容,学者们为了提高预测的准确性已开发了数百个预测模型,以满足不同的需求和发展阶段的要求。

  • 为充分分析天然气消费预测研究现状,本文将天然气消费预测研究的时间范围延展到 2022 年,综合前人研究内容,从天然气消费预测的时间范围、影响因素、预测方法三方面展开论述。

  • (一) 天然气消费预测时间范围

  • 目前学者们已经对天然气进行了不同期限的预测,根据预测时间范围可分为三类:短期预测、中期预测和长期预测。其中,短期预测的周期较短,往往是以小时[4-6] 或日[7-12] 或者周[13] 为单位进行的,其特点是数据多、高维度、短时间跨度。天然气短期预测是控制管网运行、制定管网调度运行计划和企业进行短期采购的依据。中期预测是以月[14-19] 或季度[20]为周期进行预测。长期预测即年度预测[21-26],其特点主要是数据量小、维度低、跨度长,可利用历史数据来预测未来三到五年的消费量,也可对未来数十年的需求进行预测,如,Al-Jarri 等[27] 预测了 2050 年对 NGLs 的供应和需求,Al-Fattah 等[28]提出了对 2050 年常规天然气世界供应的预测,Siemek 等[29]预测了未来 40 年波兰的天然气需求。天然气中期和长期消费预测结果在建设城市未来输气管网、规划上游气田生产、规划下游运营部门储气和分配方面发挥着重要作用。此外,中期和长期消费预测还具有前瞻性的预测效应,可以显示预测区域内能源需求的程度,从而间接预测经济活跃的程度。于燃气公司而言,短期预测有助于满足企业的短期购气需求,中期和长期预测有助于其与上游供应商签订长期双边合同,进而对区域基本用气需求提供保障。

  • 综上,短期预测由于其结构复杂、数据量大,具有更大的改进空间,并且随着计算能力提高和技术发展,预测模型的非线性拟合能力和预测精度都有所增加。因此,学者们开始深入研究时间跨度短、规模大、维度高的短期预测。由此获得的高精度短期预测结果有利于燃气公司设定合理的天然气调度计划,从而保障居民和工业用气需求。

  • (二) 天然气消费预测影响因素

  • 影响因素是对预测精度有显著影响的要素之一,针对不同时间范围和区域,研究人员考虑的影响因素是不同的。表1 总结了学者们针对不同预测时间范围所考虑的影响因素。

  • 表1 天然气消费预测影响因素总结

  • 由此可以看出,目前在天然气消费预测影响因素方面的研究,主要集中在对日期属性、天气情况、区域经济发展等因素的分析。对于短期预测来说,一些政府政策和区域经济情况等因素产生的影响可以忽略不计,学者们大多考虑温度、天气和日期; 就中期预测而言,学者们主要考虑经济、价格等社会因素及温度的影响; 就长期预测而言,学者们大多认为人口和经济变量等宏观因素是主要影响因素。总体来看,由于研究时间范围及研究对象的不同,学者们对影响因素的考虑并非完全一致,但都对天然气消费预测精度的优化具有一定的指导意义。

  • (三) 天然气消费预测方法

  • 天然气消费预测研究始于 20 世纪 50 年代,由于计算能力的进步和需求的变化,天然气消费预测的方法也在不断发展。根据不同预测模型的特点,可以将预测方法分为三类:统计模型、机器学习模型和组合模型。常见预测方法如图3 所示。

  • 图3 天然气消费预测方法

  • 在初始阶段,学者们使用的主要是传统预测方法统计模型,由于技术落后和数据匮乏,学者们只能用简单的数学公式来描述国家或全球的天然气消费趋势。早期的统计模型包括 Hubbert 曲线[46]、指数平滑法[47]、最小二乘模型[48] 等,其中 Hubbert 曲线的方法不断改进,已应用于多国的油气预测。然而,最初的统计模型只能用简单的结构来解释消费和变量之间的关系,它不能准确预测包含更多的历史数据和变量的消费趋势。后来,随着计算能力的提高,统计模型得到了改进。现阶段的统计模型比初始阶段具有更强的非线性能力,这一时期的研究开始向数据更多、时间跨度更短的短期和中期预测转变,研究主要使用时间序列预测模型、回归模型以及灰色预测模型等,其中时间序列预测模型中的自回归模型( Auto Regressive model,AR)[49]、移动平均模型( Moving Average model,MA)[50-51]、自回归滑动平均模型( Auto Regressive Moving Average model,ARMA)[17]、差分整合移动平均自回归模型(Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average model,ARIMA)[3852]等应用较为广泛。此外,学者们也使用岭回归、K 近邻模型[53] 及灰色预测模型[54-55] 等来预测天然气消费量,但是对于非线性、不稳定的数据,统计模型仍然没有达到很好的预测精度。

  • 随着技术的进步,机器学习预测模型逐渐流行起来,它可以执行更复杂的计算,可以考虑更多的变量并更好地处理非线性关系,从而预测发展趋势。因此,学者们开始重点关注需要大量数据的中短期预测,尤其是人工神经网络( Artificial Neural Network,ANN)和支持向量机[34]( Support Vector Machine,SVM)的出现提高了预测模型的学习能力和精度。其中,应用于天然气消费预测领域的 ANN 模型主要包括:前馈神经网络( Feed Forward Neural Network,FFNN)[56-57]、反向传播神经网络(Back Propagation Network,BPNN)[4-510] 和小波神经网络( Wavelet Neural Network,WNN)[3659]等。长短期记忆(LSTM)[60]、卷积神经网络(CNN)[61]等深度学习模型也得到了广泛应用。然而,机器学习模型存在缺陷,比如,直到现在还没有统一的理论和标准来规定如何构建模型并确定参数,只能通过重复试验来解决; 此外,模型的精确性与学习样本有关,因此需要选择合理的数据形成训练集。由此可见,缺乏良好的功能和标准会导致算法性能不佳,缺乏良好的基础事实数据也会限制模型的功能。

  • 目前,天然气消费预测研究已经进入新的发展阶段,主要涉及组合模型的应用。比起使用单一模型,学者们将预测模型与数据预处理、参数优化等算法相结合,或者使用两个或几个预测模型组合来预测天然气消费量,可以有效提高预测结果的准确性。李宏勋等[43]提出了灰色模型和偏最小二乘回归模型的组合预测模型; Peng 等[36] 使用局部均值分解( LMD)、小波阈值去噪( WTD)和长短期记忆( LSTM)的组合模型来预测短期天然气消费量; Ervural 等[17] 使用了一种结合遗传算法和自回归移动平均模型的组合预测方法; Azadeh 等[58]提出了一种集成的 ANFIS-DEA-FDEA 算法; 宋娟[62]构建了 BP-多元线性回归模型,结果表明组合模型比单一的 BP 或多元线性回归模型预测精度更高; Wei 等[63-64] 将改进的奇异频谱分析与长短期记忆相结合,构建了一种名为 ISSA-LSTM 的新模型,并提出了一种新的分解算法——— 去趋势奇异谱波动分析(DSSFA)。大部分组合模型都是结合了几个单一模型的优势,整体预测效果更好。

  • 在大数据时代,虽然基于机器学习的模型应用十分广泛,且尽可能实现最大限度的准确预测,但机器学习模型更关注数据本身,无法表达和分析输入与输出间的关系,也很难对结果做出解释。而统计模型的研究重点更多在于分析变量对数据的解释能力,具有很强的可解释性,因此统计模型仍然在天然气消费预测领域占据重要地位。

  • 三、 天然气采购策略研究

  • 目前,学者们对采购策略的研究多为基于合同的采购研究。 Marquez 等[65] 将合同归纳为三类:长期合同、柔性合同以及现货采购合同; Peleg 等[66]比较了与长期供应商签订合同、现货市场采购以及前两种策略的组合这三种采购策略。此外,学者们也从其他几个方面对采购策略进行了研究。第一,研究在多种合同类型情况下如何选择采购策略。盛方正等[67]研究了在存在多种期权合同和现货市场的情况下购买者最优采购策略; Spinler 等[68]考虑在存在现货市场时,供应链采用期权合约下的供应商期权定价策略和零售商的采购策略。第二,研究不同合同类型间的相互作用和影响。陈祥锋等[69]认为将现货采购与期权合同进行结合后,供应链可以确保风险共担和收益共享; Martínez-de-Albéniz 等[70] 证明了,可调整订购量的柔性采购合同等价于长期采购协议与期权采购合同的组合。第三,探讨通过优化合同条款来提高效率。徐贤浩等[71]证明了在供应商延迟支付的基础上制定的订货策略能有效提高供应链整体效率。

  • 在天然气采购领域,学者们的研究可从以下两个方面进行概述。第一,从天然气采购主体出发,研究对象可分为国家[72-74]、天然气本地分销公司( Natural Gas Local Distribution Companies,LDCs)[75-79] 和其他企业[80-82],可以从不同主体视角出发处理短期现货市场和长期合同下的天然气购买协议,其中,大多数研究集中在当地分销公司做出的天然气购买和储存决策[75-7883]。第二,从天然气采购策略出发,学者们针对不同情景应用不同的数学模型,多集中于线性规划与混合整数规划模型,如表2 所示。 O’Neill 等[84] 建立了一种数学网络模型,该模型将天然气从供应节点分配到需求节点,同时考虑管道的限制; Guldmann 等[7985-86]使用机会约束的规划模型,分析了天然气供应、储存和服务可靠性之间的相互作用; Aouam 等[87] 提出了一种涵盖天然气供应、运输和储存合同,并考虑到管道公司网络结构的天然气采购稳健策略; Levary 等[88] 及 Duffuaa 等[89] 使用线性规划( Linear programming,LP)模型来确定天然气公司的最优存储和购买决策; Contesse 等[77] 和 Schultz [90]使用混合整数规划(Mixed Integer Programming,MIP)模型来研究天然气公司的采购和运输合同。

  • 表2 天然气采购策略

  • 综上,目前关于天然气企业的供应组合和采购策略问题的文献有限,企业应选择适当的天然气供应与合同组合,使其能够满足需求,同时在预期成本和风险之间进行权衡,并注重对所提出的模型确定有效的求解技术。

  • 四、 基于预测进行采购的研究

  • 利用预测模型对天然气消费量进行精准预测,可为燃气企业进行有效采购提供保证,但目前在天然气领域有关基于消费预测的采购策略的研究较少。由于将采购与预测结合有利于企业保障用气需求从而提升企业核心竞争力,因此已经有学者开始对此进行研究,这对以后天然气消费预测和采购的研究有很大的借鉴价值。

  • 有些学者利用了历史采购数据集进行预测,以对采购策略进行指导。例如,杨天剑等[94] 利用基于 BOM(Bill of Materials,物料清单)数据预测电信运营商的采购; 李俊等[95] 依据某企业前 10 个月的销量预测后两个月的销量; 陈爱菊[96] 结合经济库存预测模型与时间序列预测模型,以减少采购的库存成本为目的设计采购计划; 何立蜓等[97] 根据时间预测制定订货模型,并通过多目标规划建立储运优化采购模型,从而减少需求变化风险,解决船舶制造中材料供应的分配问题。

  • 也有些学者研究具有两个或多个采购机会的需求预测更新问题,零售商会在整个计划期内持续收集市场需求信息,预测市场需求,销售期越临近,需求预测越准确,但采购成本较高。其中,双渠道采购很常见,零售商有两次采购机会,在计划期内以普通渠道进行采购可获得最低的单位采购成本,还有另一个机会,就是在计划期内可以根据市场需求预测动态更新结果来决定是否通过紧急渠道进行采购。目前动态需求信息更新与设计采购策略的结合已经得到了很好的应用。 Gurnani 等[98] 建立了一个两期报童模型,在销售季之前允许有两个订购机会,在两个订购时间点期间,通过收集新信息来更新需求预测; Choi 等[99-100]探讨了,当有不同的交付模式可用时,公司如何利用更新的市场信息优化其采购策略; Sethi 等[101] 调查了多周期库存问题,其中产品可以以慢速或快速模式交付,并且需求预测会定期更新; 陈志刚等[102]分析发现当市场需求预测更新过程是 MMFE(Martingale Model of Forecast Evolution)时,最优订货点与当前市场需求预测值线性相关,并开发了最优订货策略的求解算法,同时分析了正常渠道和紧急渠道订货下库存管理的差异。

  • 此外,具有需求预测更新的多产品设置研究也逐渐引起关注。 Biçer 等[103]研究了一个动态订单调度问题,其中调度随着需求预测和时间变化而动态更新,并将模型扩展到多产品案例; Miltenburg 等[104]研究了具有两个采购机会的采购问题,在两个采购时机之间收集有关需求的新信息,并根据贝叶斯规则修改需求预测; Song 等[105] 开发了一种顺序算法,用于解决需求预测更新下数千种产品的双渠道采购的最优决策问题; Zhang 等[106] 研究了具有多种产品、资源约束、需求预测更新和加急订购的采购问题,通过在预测可靠性、采购成本和资源可用性之间进行权衡来分析零售商的最佳采购政策。

  • 对于燃气公司来说,大部分企业都在进行需求预测,以防止供给不足而发生危机和过量需求扰乱市场的情况发生[107],未来可以参考其他领域,将预测和采购进行有效结合,对用气情况进行精确预测和预测更新,从而确定燃气采购策略,将供销差控制在合理的范围内,在确定燃气企业完成保证用气需求任务的前提下降低企业的采购成本。

  • 五、 未来研究方向

  • (一) 选择合适的预测模型

  • 从预测方法总结中可以发现,尽管预测工具的技术越来越复杂,但并非所有模型都具有出色的性能,且学者们并不确定哪种模型会优于其他模型。未来研究人员应根据数据大小、影响因素的数量和结果需求确定预测模型,分析采集数据的特点,可采用组合预测的方法优化单个预测方法的预测误差。此外,比起应用以前的预测工具进行组合,学者们可以开发新的预测方法,并考虑更多的参数,以更高的精度预测天然气未来趋势。

  • (二) 设立标准和数据库

  • 学者们使用的数据集是不同的,且在选择变量和提取特征以构建预测模型及评价预测效果方面也没有明确的标准,而对模型与参数性能的验证很大程度上取决于他们所用的数据集和评价标准,所以,在一个情景下表现良好的模型在其他数据集中未必能得到很好的应用。因此,需要依据学者们的意见设立共同的假设与标准,并建立一个数据库,数据库包括历史消费量、气温、经济政策、人口等内容。学者们可在这个标准和数据库的基础上选择并验证模型,从而提高预测的性能。

  • (三) 将天然气消费预测与采购策略有效结合

  • 就本文了解到的文献而言,关于天然气消费预测与采购结合的研究较少。随着天然气行业的快速发展,天然气交易开始有以下发展趋势:(1)长期合同的有效期逐渐缩短,买家往往更青睐短期合约;(2)合同内天然气价格的设定更加灵活,当合同价格与市场情况存在严重差异时,买卖双方可以重新协商价格。因此,对于燃气企业而言,天然气消费预测有利于采购计划的制定。未来可以分别考虑处于发展初期的天然气市场和成熟天然气市场中的企业角色,研究企业在消费量预测的基础上制定采购策略,配备天然气的期货、期权及现货,从而减少不确定性,实现企业收益最大化并保证企业的保供能力。

  • 六、 结论与建议

  • 精确的消费预测和合理的采购策略对天然气产业的发展具有重要作用。为了厘清天然气消费预测和采购策略相关研究进展,本文在梳理相关文献的基础上,总结了天然气消费预测和采购策略的历史,收集了学者们提出的方法和结论,讨论了预测时间范围、影响因素和预测方法的变化,归纳了采购策略制定的主体和方法,明确了基于预测进行采购的研究现状,最后综合已有研究,提出天然气消费预测及采购策略的未来研究方向。

  • 通过对文献的梳理归纳发现:(1)目前关于天然气消费预测的模型和方案十分丰富,尽管预测工具越来越复杂,但哪种模型最优仍然很难确定;(2)在采购策略方面,燃气企业及其他企业可以选择适当的数学模型和天然气合同组合,使企业能够以成本和风险之间的最小权衡满足其需求;(3)目前有关预测与采购结合的研究,主要是将需求预测更新应用于采购策略,但在天然气领域的研究较少。

  • 综上,本文对未来研究提出如下建议:学者们可以尝试使用更多深度学习和组合模型来提高预测性能; 可以建立标准和数据库用于测试提出的模型性能; 可将天然气消费预测更新与采购策略相结合,在高精度短期天然气消费预测基础上,考虑燃气公司的气源属性和供气模式,针对不同条件和情景设定企业的采购行为,最终形成完善的天然气采购策略。

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